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Instruments

Instruments installed at the Enea observatories in Lampedusa.

Atmospheric Observatory

  • Aerosol lidar [together with University of Rome; aerosol backscattering and depolarization profiles] - since 1999.
  • Meteorological station [air pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction and velocity, precipitation (Vaisala); solar irradiance (Kipp and Zonen)] - since 1999.
  • Non-dispersive Infra-red (NDIR) analyzer [atmospheric CO2 concentration (the system includes a Siemens 5E analyzer)] - weekly samples, since 1992; continuous, since 1998.
  • Gaschromatograph [atmospheric concentration of CH4, N2O, CFC-11 and CFC-12 (HP 6890)] - weekly samples, since 1997; continuous, since 2006.
  • Cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyzer [atmospheric CO2, CO, CH4 (Picarro G2401)] - since 2012.
  • Brewer MK III spectrophotometer (total ozone, spectral UV irradiance, aerosol optical depth) - since 1998.
  • Visible Multi Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer [MFRSR; aerosol optical depth at several wavelengths, diffuse-to-direct irradiance ratio, column water vapor, aerosol single scattering albedo (Yankee Environmental Systems MFR-7)]; since 2001.
  • Ultraviolet Multi Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer [UV-MFRSR; aerosol optical depth at several wavelengths, diffuse-to-direct irradiance ratio (Yankee Environmental Systems UV-MFR-7)]; 2004-2006, restarted in 2010.
  • Cimel CE-318 sun-photometer [jointly with Univ. of Modena and Reggio Emilia; part of AERONET] - 2000-2005, restarted in 2010.
  • Middleton 4-channel sun-photometer, wide field of view [aerosol optical depth, column water vapour] - since 2013.
  • Middleton 4-channel sun-photometer, narrow field of view [aerosol optical depth, column water vapour] - since 2013.
  • PM-10 aerosol sampler [Tecora Skypost, daily chemical analyses performed at the University of Florence; FAI Hydra, University of Florence] - since 2004.
  • PM-10 aerosol sampler for EC/OC [Tecora Echo PM; daily chemical analyses performed at the University of Florence] - started in 2010.
  • Particle soot/absorption photometer [PSAP; aerosol absorption coefficient; LSCE/IPSL] - starting in 2010.
  • Precision Spectral Pyranometer [downward shortwave irradiance (Eppley)] - since 2003.
  • Precision Infrared Radiometer [downward longwave irradiance (Eppley)] - since 2003.
  • Shaded CGR4 pyrgeometer [downward longwave irradiance (Kipp and Zonen)] - since 2007.
  • Shaded Precision Spectral Pyranometer [diffuse downward shortwave irradiance (Eppley)] - since 2006.
  • CHP1 pyrheliometer [direct normal irradiance (Kippa and Zonen)] - since 2011.
  • Photosynthetic radiation radiometer [downward photosynthetically active radiation (Li-cor)] - since 2004.
  • Diffuse Photosynthetic radiation radiometer [downward photosynthetically active radiation (Li-cor)] - since 2016
  • Actinic radiation spectrometer [actinic radiation spectra, photodissociation rates (Metcon GmbH)] - since 2004.
  • UV-Vis-near IR spectrometer [global spectral irradiance (Satlantic HyperOCR)] - since 2013.
  • CARAGA aerosol sampler [dust/aerosol total deposition; LISA] - started in 2011.
  • Total sky imager [cloud cover (Yankee Environmental Systems TSI 440)] - since 2003.
  • Water vapor Raman lidar [day/nighttime vertical profiles of water vapor, aerosol extinction (jointly with University of Rome)] - since 2009.
  • Vaisala radiosonde [temperature, pressure, humidity, wind (Vaisala Digicora III)] - since 2004.
  • SODAR [wind vertical profiles, three components, RSE] - 2006-2010.
  • RPG Hat-Pro Microwave radiometer [temperature, water vapour, clouds vertical profiles] - 2009; restarted in 2010.
  • IR camera [IR radiance in the atmospheric window (Heitronics)] - 2009; restarted in 2010.
  • Ozone analyzer [surface ozone mixing ratio; Province of Agrigento] - 2003, 2006-2007, 2010-2013.
  • Ozone analyzer [surface ozone mixing ratio; ISAC/CNR] - since 2014.
  • ENEA gas sampling unit [weekly analyses of CFC-113, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, SF6, CH3Cl, CH3Br, CH2Cl2, CCl4, CH3CCl3, Halon-1211, Halon-1301, CH2Br2, CH3I, CHCl3, made at ENEA, Rome] - since 2004.
  • NOAA gas sampling unit [weekly analyses of CO2, CH4, SF6, CO, 13C, H2, 18O, made at NOAA] - weekly analyses since 2006.

Oceanographic Observatory

  • Meteorological station [air pressure, temperature, humidity (Vaisala)] - since 2017.
  • Sonic anemometer [wind direction and velocity (Gill)] - since 2017.
  • CGR4 pyrgeometer [downward longwave irradiance (Kipp and Zonen)] - since 2015.
  • CMP21 pyranometer [downward shortwave irradiance (Kipp and Zonen)] - since 2015.
  • Photosynthetic radiation radiometer [downward photosynthetically active radiation (Li-cor)] - since 2017.
  • Electronic level [sensor attitude] - since 2015.
  • Satlantic OCR-507 ICSA [7-band downwelling irradiance; CNR-ISMAR] - since 2018.
  • Seabird SBE39P at 1 m depth [ocean pressure and temperature] - since 2017.
  • Seabird SBE39P at 2 m depth [ocean pressure and temperature] - since 2017.
  • 2xSatlantic OCR-507ICSW at 2.5 m depth (upwellling and downwelling 7-band irradiances; CNR-ISMAR] - since 2018.
  • Satlantic OCR-507R10W at 2.5 m depth [7-band upwelling radiance; CNR-ISMAR] - since 2018.
  • Seabird SBE50 at 2.5 m depth [pressure; CNR-ISMAR] - since 2018.
  • WetLabs ECO-3 at 4 m depth [backscattering, chlorophyll, C-DOM; CNR-ISMAR] - since 2018.
  • 2xSatlantic OCR-507ICSW at 6 m depth (upwellling and downwelling 7-band irradiances; CNR-ISMAR] - since 2018.
  • Satlantic OCR-507R10W at 6 m depth [7-band upwelling radiance; CNR-ISMAR] - since 2018.
  • Seabird SBE50 at 6 m depth [pressure; CNR-ISMAR] - since 2018.
  • Seabird SBE37 at 18 m depth [ocean pressure, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen] - since 2017.